نشریه علوم و فنون منابع طبیعی
سال دوم شماره 2 (تابستان 1386)

The execution of this research is in line with the goals as follows: 1-The determination of physical and chemical characteristics of soils. 2-The determination of orders and subgroups of soils in USDA-NRCS 2006, System and conform it with WRB system.3-Preparing and drawing of orders maps ,subgroups and the ability of soil with the use of topographical maps, satellite pictures and geological maps of the interested regions were examined .Then with ARC VIEW GIS software, landforms in 30 units were prepared and drawn. In any land form, plots of 25 Ares were carried out. In second phase, each plots, one contral profile (reference) was digged.with the determination of morphological characteristics profiles and determination of physical and chemical horizons in each profiles, the characteristics of the soils were examined. As Mention of Studies in Namkaneh region, nine subgroups according to four orders. Based on USDA classification were determination as follows:Lithic Vermudolls ,Inceptic Hapludolls, Typic Dystrudepts ,Typic Udorthents ,Inceptic Haprendoll ,Typic Paleudalfs ,Humic Dystrudepts ,Typic Hapludalfs ,Lithic Udorthents .parallel with the geological studies , the plant coverage with the use of previous studies and also its completion were examined .finally the following maps including 1-the map of soil, plant ecological societies, ecological plantation stand (soilꙖ), and classification of the ability of soils were prepared and drawn.

Development and stability in forest relies on the establishment and development of natural regeneration , so future of a forest depends on current situation of regeneration in it . The aim of this study was investigation of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of regeneration gaps in two different beech communities (Fagetum typicum and Carpino Fagetum). The study site is located in Kheiroudkenar research forest Noshahr.In first , Regarding to landform map and association's map, 98 regeneration gaps were selected and some quantitative parameters (such as collar diameter, diameter at breast height ,height and age for each seedling) and qualitative parameters(such as health, branching, crown density)were recorded in each gap. The results Showed that the Frequency pattern of seedlings in collar diameter and d.b.h classes can be explained by Exponential distribution. Also, beech regeneration frequency accarding to age in Fagetum community is much more than other one. In Fagetum community, seedlings are older than Carpineto Fagetum and approximately two years ago, seed year was occurred in both community.

In this study Chemical Composition of wood from Populus deltoides species and their variation in Longitudinal and Radial Axes of tree were investigated. For this purpose five normal Populus trees were randomly cut down from Shastkolateh Experimental Forest located in Gorgan. From each tree, four disks from breast height , %25, %50 and %75 of tree trunk were selected. The specimens were taken from pith to bark and bottom to the top of tree trunk to detremine the Chemical Composition such as Cellulose, Lignin, Extractive Soluble in Alchoal-Acetone and Ash according to TAPPI standard. Then data were statisticaly analysed. The results indicated that there are significant difference between wood chemical composition Radial Axis of tree, so from pith to bark Lignin, Extractive and Ash content decreased but Cellulose content increased by age. Also there are significant difference between wood chemical properties Longitudinal Axis of tree, so from bottom to the top of tree trunk Cellulose, Extractive and Ash decreased but Lignin content increased by height. Correleation Analysis showed that there are Linear positive correleation between wood Chemical Composition and Radial Axis of tree, However wood chemical properties has weakly correleated with Longitudinal Axis of tree.

Qualitive and quantitive investigation of annual forestation with different species determines the level of success and is prerequisite for the future planning in development of forestation and managerial actions in forest. In this study in order to specify increment and Wood production from Maritime pine species, in coastal regions of Guilan Province a 22-year net forestation heap with the width of 10 hectares was selected in the coastal areas of Kiashahr. statistical data was collected by 36 sample plot in the form of Systematic - Random with 400m2 plotes. Then data was analysed with SPSS and EXCEL software. With study of quantitive parameters it was determined that average of DBH is 18 cm, average of hight is 11.6m, Basal area per hectares is 18.45m2, volum per hectares 127 m3, and average of annual volume increment is 5.8m3 per hectares. Survival presentage after 22 years is . 69.6 The resulets of this Study and its comparison with the other internal and external Sites showed that Kiashahr is a weak Site for growing of this spesies.

the mixed Fagus orientalis site is located in range of altitudinal girdle in central Alborz forest was investigated. According to plant sociology and ordination methods vegetation and physical and chemical characteristics of soil were analyzed. Sam pling of plant com panent were took from 26 releves with(400m2) area. The soil data analyzed in lib. By using of different method of ordination such as DCA and CCA were improved environmental gradient. The results of phytosociology with Bran-Blanquet combined scale were determined 2 communities,2 sub-communities and1variant in this site. The Carpino-fagetum community is greatly expanding in Mazandaran forest and central Alborz, but Vaccine-fagetum was reported in Mazandaran for the first time. The environmental factors such as N, Mg and Na were effective in division plant communities.

Basswood is a fast growth, high value and multi purpose species in northern forests of Iran, that it s using in forest plantation is very current in Iran. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of some scarification and light treatment on seed germination. Seeds of linden exhibit double dormancy and thus require both scarification and stratification (moist-prechilling) because of their impermeable seed coat and dormant embryo, respectively. The effectiveness nine pre treatments include of sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hot water, nitric acid and two light treatments (light and shadow) on Tilia seeds was investigated. In treatment the seeds were immersed in sulphuric acid with concentration of 30% and 15% in order to 10 and 20 min and hydrogen peroxide 1% for 40 and 20 minute and nitric acid 30% and 15% in order to 10 and 20 minute and control. After each treatment seed were exposure in River Sand for stratification. Results showed that best germination rate was belong to hydrogen peroxide 1% for 20 min and resulted in significantly percent germination than all other treatments. The seed that were cultured in shade showed higher vigor growth.

In order to that know about the structure of natural stands, it is needed to access the knowledge about the evolution process of forest ecosystems before planning for harvesting. To obtain the stand structure, an area of 126, 127 and 135 parcels of series No. 1 of Nesaroud forest management planing (Benishki) located on basin No. 30 (Ramsar) that less disturbed was selected. In this parcels, selectively, five quadrate sample plots with one hectare area (100 × 100 meter) was sketched and the quantitative characteristics such as d.b.h., height, of all stems with d.b.h. > 7.5 cm. was measured. Data was analyzed by Spss Software and the graphs was sketched using of Excel software. The results of this study revealed that the diameter distribution of trees followed from a reversed-J-shaped that indicates an irregular uneven-aged structure for forest stands on the mentioned parcels. The patterns of height distribution of the beech and other species respectively show a normal status with a little skewness in right side and normal (bell-shaped curve) that is the mark of a noticeable presence of beech in middle story and other species in upper story of stands.

In this research, Horn Beam chips were chosen randomly from the chips pile of Mazandaran Pulp and Paper Mill and cooked under CMP conditions and Pulps were prepared at the yield 85%. The CMP pulps were separately bleached with hydrogen peroxide and sodium dithionite.Then 60 gr/m2 handsheet were made. A solution of 0.5 percent of DTPA was sprayed over a number of handsheets. Then the handsheets were irradiated for,10,20, 30 and 40 hours and their optical characteristics were measured and compared before and after irradiation using TAPPI Standard test methods . The results of this study explored that following irradiation up to 40 hours, opacity, absorption coefficient, K/S ratio and Post color (PC) number and a* factor increased and brightness and greenness decreased.Following DTPA solution spraying on the surface of handsheets brightness, opacity and greenness in improved and K/S ratio and PC number a* factor are decreased. Among different samples and following optical aging, it was found that in long-term aging, DTPA spray has considerable affect can the stability of brightness and increasing it durability against optical deterioration.